diff --git a/src/arrays.js b/src/arrays.js
index f24d6ef..624df6b 100644
--- a/src/arrays.js
+++ b/src/arrays.js
@@ -6,33 +6,102 @@ const each = (elements, cb) => {
   // Iterates over a list of elements, yielding each in turn to the `cb` function.
   // This only needs to work with arrays.
   // based off http://underscorejs.org/#each
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < elements.length; i++) {
+    cb(elements[i], i);
+  }
 };
 
 const map = (elements, cb) => {
   // Produces a new array of values by mapping each value in list through a transformation function (iteratee).
   // Return the new array.
+
+  const resultArray = [];
+  // for (let i = 0; i < elements.length; i++) {
+  //   resultArray.push(cb(elements[i]));
+  //  THIS IS THE for loop version (above)
+  //
+  // THIS IS THE forEach version (below)
+  each(elements, (elem) => {
+    resultArray.push(cb(elem));
+  });
+  return resultArray;
 };
 
 const reduce = (elements, cb, memo) => {
   // Combine all elements into a single value going from left to right.
   // Elements will be passed one by one into `cb`.
   // `memo` is the starting value.  If `memo` is undefined then make `elements[0]` the initial value.
+  //
+  // for(let i = 0; i < elements.length; i++){
+  let i = 0;
+  if (memo === undefined) {
+    memo = elements[0];
+    i = 1;
+  }
+  for (; i < elements.length; i++) {
+    memo = cb(memo, elements[i]);
+  }
+  return memo;
 };
 
 const find = (elements, cb) => {
   // Look through each value in `elements` and pass each element to `cb`.
   // If `cb` returns `true` then return that element.
   // Return `undefined` if no elements pass the truth test.
+  for (let i = 0; i < elements.length; i++) {
+    if (cb(elements[i]) === true) {
+      return elements[i];
+    }
+  }
 };
 
 const filter = (elements, cb) => {
   // Similar to `find` but you will return an array of all elements that passed the truth test
   // Return an empty array if no elements pass the truth test
+  const trueArray = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < elements.length; i++) {
+    if (cb(elements[i]) === true) {
+      trueArray.push(elements[i]);
+    }
+  }
+  return trueArray;
 };
 
 const flatten = (elements) => {
   // Flattens a nested array (the nesting can be to any depth).
   // Example: flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]]); => [1, 2, 3, 4];
+  //
+//   elements = map(elements, (elem) => {
+//     if (Array.isArray(elem)) {
+//       return flatten(elem);
+//     }
+//     return elem;
+//   });
+//   const result = [];
+//   each(elements, (elem) => {
+//     if (Array.isArray(elem)) {
+//       const nestedArray = elem;
+//       each(nestedArray, (nestedElem) => {
+//         result.push(nestedElem);
+//       });
+//     } else {
+//       result.push(elem);
+//     }
+//   });
+//   return result;
+// };
+// or
+  let result = [];
+  each(elements, (elem) => {
+    if (Array.isArray(elem)) {
+      const nestedArray = flatten(elem);
+      result = result.concat(nestedArray);
+    } else {
+      result.push(elem);
+    }
+  });
+  return result;
 };
 
 /* eslint-enable no-unused-vars, max-len */
diff --git a/src/class.js b/src/class.js
index 8276e29..37be978 100644
--- a/src/class.js
+++ b/src/class.js
@@ -6,6 +6,16 @@
 // for a potential password that will be compared to the `password` property.
 // Return true if the potential password matches the `password` property.  Otherwise return false.
 
+class User {
+  constructor(options) {
+    this.email = options.email;
+    this.password = options.password;
+  }
+  comparePasswords(pw) {
+    if (pw === this.password) return true;
+    return false;
+  }
+}
 
 /* eslint-disable no-undef */ // Remove this comment once you write your classes.
 
@@ -14,11 +24,29 @@
 // `Cat` should extend the `Animal` class.
 // Animal and Cat should both have a parameter called `options` in their constructors.
 // Animal should have the property `age` that's set in the constructor and the method
-// `growOlder` that returns the age.
+// `growOlder` that returns the age. + a year.
 // Cat should have the property `name` that is set in the constructor and the method
 // `meow` that should return the string `<name> meowed!` where `<name>` is the `name`
 // property set on the Cat instance.
 
+class Animal {
+  constructor(options) {
+    this.age = options.age;
+  }
+  growOlder() {
+    return this.age + 1;
+  }
+}
+
+class Cat extends Animal {
+  constructor(options) {
+    super(options);
+    this.name = options.name;
+  }
+  meow() {
+    return `${this.name} meowed!`;
+  }
+}
 
 module.exports = {
   User,
diff --git a/src/closure.js b/src/closure.js
index 4c98af0..b7324f0 100644
--- a/src/closure.js
+++ b/src/closure.js
@@ -5,7 +5,13 @@ const counter = () => {
   // Example: const newCounter = counter();
   // newCounter(); // 1
   // newCounter(); // 2
+  let count = 0;
+  return () => {
+    count++;
+    return count;
+  };
 };
+const counterFunction = counter();
 
 const counterFactory = () => {
   // Return an object that has two methods called `increment` and `decrement`.
diff --git a/src/es6.js b/src/es6.js
index eb846ab..33c1d05 100644
--- a/src/es6.js
+++ b/src/es6.js
@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@
 //----------------
 // const, =>, default parameters, arrow functions default return statements using ()
 
-var food = 'pineapple';
+//var food = 'pineapple';
+// var changes to const
+const food = 'pineapple';
 
 var isMyFavoriteFood = function(food) {
   food = food || 'thousand-year-old egg'; //This sets a default value if `food` is falsey
diff --git a/src/objects.js b/src/objects.js
index ba39c6c..f564745 100644
--- a/src/objects.js
+++ b/src/objects.js
@@ -5,34 +5,65 @@ const keys = (obj) => {
   // Retrieve all the names of the object's properties.
   // Return the keys as strings in an array.
   // Based on http://underscorejs.org/#keys
+  return Object.keys(obj);
 };
 
 const values = (obj) => {
   // Return all of the values of the object's own properties.
   // Ignore functions
   // http://underscorejs.org/#values
+  const vals = Object.keys(obj).map((key) => {
+    return obj[key];
+  });
+  return vals;
+  // return Object.values(obj);
+  // coming up not a function but clearly is and should pass
 };
 
 const mapObject = (obj, cb) => {
   // Like map for arrays, but for objects. Transform the value of each property in turn.
   // http://underscorejs.org/#mapObject
+  const newObj = {};
+  Object.keys(obj).forEach((key) => {
+    newObj[key] = cb(obj[key]);
+  });
+  return newObj;
 };
 
 const pairs = (obj) => {
   // Convert an object into a list of [key, value] pairs.
-  // http://underscorejs.org/#pairs
+  // http://underscorejs.org/#
+  const pairArray = [];
+  Object.keys(obj).forEach((key) => {
+    const nestPairArr = [];
+    nestPairArr.push(key, obj[key]);
+    pairArray.push(nestPairArr);
+  });
+  return pairArray;
 };
 
 const invert = (obj) => {
   // Returns a copy of the object where the keys have become the values and the values the keys.
   // Assume that all of the object's values will be unique and string serializable.
   // http://underscorejs.org/#invert
+  const newObj = {};
+  Object.keys(obj).forEach((key) => {
+    newObj[obj[key]] = key;
+  });
+  return newObj;
 };
 
 const defaults = (obj, defaultProps) => {
   // Fill in undefined properties that match properties on the `defaultProps` parameter object.
   // Return `obj`.
   // http://underscorejs.org/#defaults
+  Object.keys(defaultProps).forEach((key) => {
+    if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    obj[key] = defaultProps[key];
+  });
+  return obj;
 };
 
 /* eslint-enable no-unused-vars */